1. Use Meaningful & Descriptive Names 📛

✅ Variables & Functions Should Be Self-Explanatory
❌ x = 10
✅ maxRetryAttempts = 10

✅ Use Verb-Noun Format for Functions
❌ data()
✅ fetchUserData()

💡 Why? Improves readability and eliminates the need for excessive comments.

2. Keep Functions Small & Focused 🔍

✅ Follow the Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)
✅ One function = One task

❌ Bad Example (Too Many Responsibilities)

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def processOrder(order):     validateOrder(order)     applyDiscount(order)     updateInventory(order)     sendConfirmationEmail(order) 

✅ Good Example (Each Function Does One Thing)

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def validateOrder(order):     # Validation logic  def applyDiscount(order):     # Discount logic  def updateInventory(order):     # Update stock  def sendConfirmationEmail(order):     # Send email 

💡 Why? Easier debugging, testing, and reuse.

3. Write DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself) Code 🏗️

✅ Avoid Duplicate Code, Use Reusable Functions

❌ Bad Example (Repetitive Code)

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total = price * quantity tax = price * 0.15 discount = price * 0.1 

✅ Good Example (Refactored with Functions)

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def calculatePercentage(value, percentage):     return value * (percentage / 100)  total = price * quantity tax = calculatePercentage(price, 15) discount = calculatePercentage(price, 10) 

💡 Why? Prevents inconsistencies and makes code easier to update.

4. Follow Consistent Formatting & Indentation 📏

✅ Stick to a consistent style (PEP 8 for Python, Airbnb for JS, etc.)
✅ Use proper spacing & line breaks for clarity
✅ Use a linter (ESLint, Prettier, Black) to enforce style

💡 Why? Consistent formatting makes it easier for others to read and collaborate.

5. Avoid Magic Numbers & Hardcoded Values 🔢

✅ Use Constants Instead

❌ Bad Example (Magic Numbers)

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if user_age > 18:     print("Access granted") 

✅ Good Example (Use Named Constants)

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LEGAL_AGE_LIMIT = 18 if user_age > LEGAL_AGE_LIMIT:     print("Access granted") 

💡 Why? Increases clarity and simplifies future changes.

6. Handle Errors & Exceptions Gracefully 🚨

✅ Use try-except blocks (Python) or try-catch (JS, Java, etc.)
✅ Log errors properly instead of hiding them
✅ Provide meaningful error messages

❌ Bad Example (No Exception Handling)

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result = 10 / user_input  # Crashes if user_input is 0 

✅ Good Example (Handles Errors Gracefully)

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try:     result = 10 / user_input except ZeroDivisionError:     print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed") 

💡 Why? Prevents crashes and improves user experience.

7. Write Clear & Minimal Comments 📝

✅ **Comment WHY, not WHAT
✅ Use docstrings for functions

❌ Bad Example (Obvious Comments)

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x = x + 1  # Increment x by 1 

✅ Good Example (Explain Purpose, Not Code)

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# Increase user score when they complete a task user_score += 10 

💡 Why? Too many unnecessary comments clutter the code.

8. Use Version Control & Meaningful Commit Messages 🗂️

✅ Write concise, informative commit messages

❌ Bad Commit Message:

 
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Fix stuff 

✅ Good Commit Message:

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Refactored user authentication logic for better readability & performance 

💡 Why? Helps track changes and understand past modifications.

9. Optimize Code for Performance ⚡

✅ Use efficient data structures & algorithms
✅ Minimize unnecessary loops & computations

❌ Bad Example (Unoptimized Loop)

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for i in range(len(users)):     if users[i] == "John":         print("User found") 

✅ Good Example (More Efficient)

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if "John" in users:     print("User found") 

💡 Why? Reduces execution time and memory usage.

10. Write Unit Tests ✅

✅ Test edge cases & unexpected inputs
✅ Use frameworks like PyTest (Python), Jest (JS), JUnit (Java)

💡 Why? Prevents future bugs and ensures code reliability.